APPENDIX C TRANSCRIPTS

The transcripts will be provided as ASCII files in due course, linked from below.

APPENDIX D INTRODUCTORY QUESTIONS.

After watching a short video of the puppet, Louie, refusing to wear a hat and, on account of this, being refused permission to go on the swing, each subject was asked the following questions by the adult and, if necessary, provided with the answers.

QUESTIONS.

1. Does Louie know there's a swing outside?

2. Does he want to play on the swing?

3. Is he pleased with me?

4. Does he understand why he has to wear a hat?  

5. Can Louie see the hat?  

6. Would he be able to see it if he turned around?

7. Would it be a good idea for you to shout at Louie?

8. Why does Louie have to wear a hat?

APPENDIX E. PROTOCOL FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF REFERENT (P.E.R.)

SUGGESTED STRATEGY for identifying instances of failure to establish referent in a video-taped and transcribed conversation:

1. View the video to get an overall impression of situation, participants, interaction and any apparent breakdown or difficulty in communication.

2. Play through the video again, this time following the transcript and marking what appear to be any instances of failure to establish referent.

3. Go through the transcript and video in detail using the Substitution Test to check whether or not each referring expression has established referent for the addressee(s). (Substitution Test: Can you identify, and/or does the data give evidence that the addressee(s) could identify, the entity or set of entities indicated by each referring expression? Is the entity identified with appropriate specificity for the context?)

4. It is quite possible for all referents to be adequately established within an utterance which is inadequate in other respects (e.g. inaccurate, illogical, ungrammatical etc.). The sole criterion is whether or not the entity denoted by the referring expression is clearly established for the addressee(s).

5. Where ellipsis is involved the Substitution Test is applied to any referring expression(s) included in the omitted part of the sentence.

6. Requests for clarification can alert the coder to difficulties in the establishment of referent, but note that a contingent query is not necessarily a request for clarification. (For example the response 'You gave them what?' may convey amusement or disapproval rather than a failure to understand the referent indicated by 'what'.) The Substitution Test must always be applied.

7. In situations where there is more than one potential addresses it is necessary to determine who the addressee(s) is for every utterance. (There may be a shift of addressee within a turn.)

8. The analysis should cover all participants in the conversation.

CATEGORISATION OF REFERRING EXPRESSIONS:

The referring expressions identified by the above procedure are marked on the transcript and listed under turn number. Each expression is then categorised using the following headings.

A. Pronominal

B. Demonstrative

C. Definite Article

D. Comparison

Referring expressions in groups A-D (identity of reference) are further categorised as: Exophoric (reference to physical context) / General phoric (reference to social context) / Endophoric (reference to linguistic context) / or as examples of Discourse Deixis.

E. Substitution

F. Ellipsis

G. Lexical Item: a) meaning not understood b) inappropriate degree of specificity.

H. Identifying features: a) attributes b) locating devices c) literal comparisons d) other.

I. Adverbial of time.

J. Non-literal. (Includes metaphor, teasing, irony.)

K. Other.

In addition, for each referring expression the following questions are asked:

a. What is the entity referred to (state if guess only) and what type of entity is it? (person, object, location. time, action, idea, attribute etc.)

b. Clarification requested? Clarification attempted? Clarification successful?

Each instance of failure to establish referent is examined within the context of the conversation. The aim is to identify in what ways the processes necessary to the establishment of this referent have broken down. These processes include relevance to the conversational topic, an appropriate degree of specificity, and the taking into account of what is and what is not shared information with the conversational partner(s). It may be helpful to scan the transcript for any instances where there was potential for similar breakdown.